Suchergebnisse

The traditional shortest path problem is mainly concerned with identifying the associated paths in the transportation network that represent the shortest distance between the source and the destination in the transportation network by finding either cost or distance. As for the problem of research under study it is to find the shortest optimal path of multi-objective (cost, distance and time) at the same time has been clarified through the application of a proposed practical model of the problem of multi-objective shortest path to solve the problem of the most important 25 commercial US cities by travel in the car or plane. The proposed model was also solved using the lexicographic method through package program Win-QSB 2.0 for operational research applications.

تهدف هده الدراسة الى التعرف على الصعوبات والمشاكل اللغوية و الصعوبات المتعلقة بالنص التي يواجها طلبة الدبلوم المهني في الترجمة في الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة. و اعتمد الباحث في تحليل النصوص المترجمة على أدوات تقيم مختلفة ،وخلصت الدراسة الى وجود صعوبات عدة في الترجمة من العربية الى الانجليزية لدي الطلبة ,وأوصى الباحث بضرورة ان يتعرف الطلبة على أسباب هذه الصعوبات وايجاد الحلول المناسبة لها من أجل تفاديها في المستقبل. ; This study investigates, analyses and classifies lexical and textual translation problems encountered by professional diploma students at the Islamic University of Gaza (IUG). A translation test consisting of a politically argumentative text was administered to 13 students studying for a professional diploma in translation at IUG. The analysis of translations was based on the linguistic judgments of the researcher's assessment and the model translation provided by a professional translator. The results showed that professional diploma students committed lexical and textual problems. Lexical problems include wrong word choice or wrong lexis and collocation, while textual problems include non-parallel structures, omissions, lexical repetition, redundant pronouns, and incongruent information. The study ended with recommendations and suggestions for further research.

This study examined the role of education and occupation in connection with domestic violence in Saudi Arabia based on a survey administered to 917 women who had varying years of education and various types of occupations. Results show that education and occupation play a positive role in the life of Saudi women by reducing the level of domestic violence to which they are exposed. Education was found to lower the rate of domestic violence by around 7%. A significant difference in the level of domestic violence was found as well between employed and unemployed women. In Saudi Arabia, having an education and/or earning an income seems to give women more power and higher social status, which in turn appears to lower the level of domestic violence they experience compared with women who do not work, have few years of education or are not currently enrolled in education.

Dans son développement à l'échelle mondiale, le capitalisme a toujours été autre chose et plus que le salariat: l'espace capitaliste mondial a toujours englobé des zones non salarialisées mais néanmoins profondément intégrées au capitalisme. C'est ce système capitaliste mondial, dans sa complexité et dans son unité à la fois, qui doit être considéré comme l'unité d'analyse. C'est, entre autres, l'unité d'analyse pour ce qui est de la question de la transition du capitalisme au socialisme. En posant, sur des bases méthodologiques aussi claires que possible, ce problème de la transition, on s'aperçoit qu'on peut avancer la proposition suivante: la révolution russe de 1917, et les changements analogues qui se sont produits ailleurs par la suite, ont enclenché, dans le champ du capitalisme mondial, un processus de transition du capitalisme au socialisme, et cela par la substitution de l'articulation travail vivant-travail mort à l'articulation travail mort-travail mort.

In historischer Perspektive argumentiert der Autor, dass der Islam immer ein zentraler Bestandteil des Lebens der palästinensischen Bürger gewesen ist. Er hatte großen Einfluss auf den Formgebungs- und Gestaltungsprozess der palästinensischen Gesellschaft und auf ihre Zukunftsvision. Doch der Islam hat viele Gesichter; das "palästinensische Gesicht" ist seit jeher der gemäßigte Islam gewesen. Die islamische Bewegung in Palästina, die palästinensische Verfassung sowie die Parlamentswahlen 2006 sind die einzelnen Punkte der Darstellung. Abschließend geht der Autor den Fragen nach: Warum erscheint Frieden in Israel und Palästina so schwer erreichbar zu sein? Warum fühlen sich Israelis wie Palästinenser, als würden sie mit einer Wand reden, sobald es um den bedeutsamen Gegenstand des Friedens geht? Die Palästinenser und die Israelis finden keine Übereinstimmung in Bezug auf Frieden, weil sie ihn aus zwei entgegengesetzten Kontexten betrachten. Beide stellen die Frage des Friedens in ihren jeweils eigenen, miteinander in Konflikt stehenden Kontexten, sodass die Entscheidungen ihrer Politiker ihren nationalen Kontext über den jeweils anderen stellen. Diese Verhaltensweise determiniert typischerweise das Ergebnis eines Konfliktes: Sie lenkt den Disput hin zu Krieg und Konflikt. Die Konsequenz ist, so der Autor, dass Israelis und Palästinenser sich anschauen und sehen, was sie glauben wollen. Oder in klareren Worten: Sie sehen sich an, und entschließen sich, den anderen nicht zu sehen, weil sie nicht die kognitive Dissonanz erleben wollen, die mit der Erkenntnis einherginge, dass der andere existiert - denn sie glauben doch bereits, dass der andere nicht existiert. Sie wollen den anderen nicht sehen, und deshalb sehen sie gar nicht erst hin. Sie sind schlicht füreinander unsichtbar geworden und glauben dabei, das alleinige Opfer des Konflikts zu sein. Die Israelis halten ihr Sicherheitsbedürfnis für wichtiger als palästinensische, nationale Notwendigkeiten, und die Palästinenser meinen, ihre nationalen Bedürfnisse seien wichtiger als Israels Wunsch nach Sicherheit. So wird Frieden schwer erreichbar, denn jede Partei stellt ihre Werte und Bedürfnisse über die der anderen. Nichtsdestoweniger bleibt die "Zwei Staaten für zwei Völker"-Formel der einzige Weg, um Frieden zu erreichen. Sowohl Israel als auch die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika haben bekundet, dass sie die Bildung eines palästinensischen Staates unterstützen, und dass die einzige Möglichkeit, den Konflikt zu beenden, ein Verhandlungsprozess ist. (ICG)

This Article examines the constitutionality of an Israeli bill that criminalizes the use of PA systems in prayer houses, punishable by a fine of 5000–10,000 NIS (the Muezzin Law). The Bill was presented to the Israeli Parliament (the Knesset) as a religiously-neutral environmental law. This Article asserts that a careful reading of the Bill's language reveals that it is specifically tailored to apply precisely to Muslim prayer houses, thus criminalizing the Muslim call for prayer (the adhan), especially the call occurring between dawn and sunrise (the Fajer adhan). As such, we perceive the Muezzin law as violating the right to equality and the right to dignity of the Muslim minority in Israel, as well as infringing upon its religious feelings. Additionally, we contend that the Muezzin Law is not truly driven by environmental concern, but rather that it represents a conflict with religious dimension (a CRD)—namely, the perception that the adhan, as a Muslim symbol, poses a threat to the identity of Jews in Israel. Examining the constitutionality of the Muezzin Law introduces a crucial question relating to the interplay between constitutional law and criminal law. Our assertion is that in any constitutional democracy, in order for the legislature to validly classify conduct as a crime, such criminalization must befit the values of constitutional democracy, serve a proper purpose, and be proportionate. The requirement for proportionality consists of three subtests: (a) the rational connection test; (b) the necessity test; and (c) the balancing benefits test. It is our contention that the Muezzin Law comprises an unconstitutional criminalization of the Fajer adhan. It stands in contrast with the basic values of constitutional democracy, primarily that of tolerance towards a religious minority, particularly, the Muslim community. Additionally, we assert that the Muezzin Law's purpose is improper as it aims at infringing upon the religious feelings of the Muslim minority in Israel, holding that the value of protecting religious feelings is a constitutional value. Finally, we view such criminalization as provided in the Muezzin Law as being unproportionate. In this latter regard, we hold the view that our CRD analysis provides a more delicate, proper, and proportionate solution to the question at stake.

This study investigated how educational programs affect Jordanian students" perceptions of Americans. Students were from Yarmouk University in Jordan. The focus was twofold: first, to document opinions about Americans and American-related topics. Second, to determine if various educational programs relating to Americans impact opinions about Americans. The focus of the study compared students involved in cultural exchange programs to students not involved in exchange programs. This study was based on a questionnaire distributed to a purposeful sample of undergraduate and graduate students at Yarmouk University. Participation in a cultural exchange program was found to not have a significant effect on opinion of Americans. Program participants reported a greater proportion of "very positive" opinions of Americans, and did not hold "very negative" opinions of Americans, but these differences were not statistically significant. When comparing average opinions on Americans and related questions, exchange participants reported on average more positive opinions in cultural categories, but more negative opinions in governmental categories. The average confidence in knowledge about Americans was higher in exchange participants than the confidence of non-participants. Having a more positive opinion of the U.S., American ideas about democracy, American music, movies, and television, and desire to travel to the U.S. all were significantly associated with a more positive opinion about Americans.

In this article, we investigate a mathematical fractional model of tuberculosis that takes into account vaccination as a possible way to treat the disease. We use an in-host tuberculosis fractional model that shows how Macrophages and Mycobacterium tuberculosis interact to knowledge of how vaccination treatments affect macrophages that have not been infected. The existence of optimal control is proven. The Hamiltonian function and the maximum principle of the Pontryagin are used to describe the optimal control. In addition, we use the theory of optimal control to develop an algorithm that leads to choosing the best vaccination plan. The best numerical solutions have been discovered using the forward and backward fractional Euler method.